(writers.gdal)=

# writers.gdal

The **GDAL writer** creates a raster from a point cloud using an interpolation
algorithm.  Output is produced using [GDAL] and can use any [driver
that supports creation of rasters][driver that supports creation of rasters].  A [data_type] can be specified for the
raster (double, float, int32, etc.).  If no data type is specified, the
data type with the largest range supported by the driver is used.

The technique used to create the raster is a simple interpolation where
each point that falls within a given [radius] of a raster cell center
potentially contributes to the raster's value.  If no radius is provided,
it is set to the product of the [resolution] and the square root of two.
If a circle with the provided radius
doesn't encompass the entire cell, it is possible that some points will
not be considered at all, including those that may be within the bounds
of the raster cell.

The GDAL writer creates rasters using the data specified in the [dimension]
option (defaults to `Z`). The writer creates up to six rasters based on
different statistics in the output dataset.  The order of the layers in the
dataset is as follows:

min

: Give the cell the minimum value of all points within the given radius.

max

: Give the cell the maximum value of all points within the given radius.

mean

: Give the cell the mean value of all points within the given radius.

idw

: Cells are assigned a value based on [Shepard's inverse distance weighting]
  algorithm, considering all points within the given radius.

count

: Give the cell the number of points that lie within the given radius.

stdev

: Give the cell the population standard deviation of the points that lie
  within the given radius.

If no points fall within the circle about a raster cell, a secondary
algorithm can be used to attempt to provide a value after the standard
interpolation is complete.  If the [window_size] option is non-zero, the
values of a square of rasters surrounding an empty cell is applied
using inverse distance weighting of any non-empty cells.
The value provided for window_size is the
maximum horizontal or vertical distance that a donor cell may be in order to
contribute to the subject cell (A window_size of 1 essentially creates a 3x3
array around the subject cell.  A window_size of 2 creates a 5x5 array, and
so on.)

Cells that have no value after interpolation are given a value specified by
the [nodata] option.

```{eval-rst}
.. embed::
```

```{eval-rst}
.. streamable::

```

## Basic Example

This  pipeline reads the file autzen_trim.las and creates a Geotiff dataset
called outputfile.tif.  Since output_type isn't specified, it creates six
raster bands ("min", "max", "mean", "idx", "count" and "stdev") in the output
dataset.  The raster cells are 10x10 and the radius used to locate points
whose values contribute to the cell value is 14.14.

```json
[
    "pdal/test/data/las/autzen_trim.las",
    {
        "resolution": 10,
        "radius": 14.14,
        "filename":"outputfile.tif"
    }
]
```

## Options

filename

: Name of output file. The writer will accept a filename containing
  a single placeholder character (`#`).  If input to the writer consists
  of multiple PointViews, each will be written to a separate file, where
  the placeholder will be replaced with an incrementing integer.  If no
  placeholder is found, all PointViews provided to the writer are
  aggregated into a single file for output.  Multiple PointViews are usually
  the result of using {ref}`filters.splitter`, {ref}`filters.chipper` or
  {ref}`filters.divider`.\[Required\]

binmode:

: If 'true', only points **inside** the raster pixel will be considered
  for statistics, and no distance-based summary or interpolation will
  be applied \[Default: false\]

(resolution)=

resolution

: Length of raster cell edges in X/Y units.  \[Required\]

(radius)=

radius

: Radius about cell center bounding points to use to calculate a cell value.
  \[Default: [resolution] * sqrt(2)\]

power

: Exponent of the distance when computing IDW. Close points have higher
  significance than far points. \[Default: 1.0\]

gdaldriver

: GDAL code of the [GDAL driver] to use to write the output.
  \[Default: "GTiff"\]

gdalopts

: A list of key/value options to pass directly to the GDAL driver.  The
  format is name=value,name=value,...  The option may be specified
  any number of times.

  ```{note}
  The INTERLEAVE GDAL driver option is not supported.  writers.gdal
  always uses BAND interleaving.
  ```

(data-type)=

data_type

: The {ref}`data type <types>` to use for the output raster.
  Many GDAL drivers only
  support a limited set of output data types.
  \[Default: depends on the driver\]

(nodata)=

nodata

: The value to use for a raster cell if no data exists in the input data
  with which to compute an output cell value. \[Default: depends on the
  [data_type].  -9999 for double, float, int and short, 9999 for
  unsigned int and unsigned short, 255 for unsigned char and -128 for char\]

(output-type)=

output_type

: A comma separated list of statistics for which to produce raster layers.
  The supported values are "min", "max", "mean", "idw", "count", "stdev"
  and "all".  The option may be specified more than once. \[Default: "all"\]

(window-size)=

window_size

: The maximum distance from a donor cell to a target cell when applying
  the fallback interpolation method.  See the stage description for more
  information. \[Default: 0\]

(dimension)=

dimension

: A dimension name to use for the interpolation. \[Default: "Z"\]

bounds

: The bounds of the data to be written.  Points not in bounds are discarded.
  The format is (\[minx, maxx\],\[miny,maxy\]). \[Optional\]

origin_x

: X origin (lower left corner) of the grid. \[Default: None\]

origin_y

: Y origin (lower left corner) of the grid. \[Default: None\]

width

: Number of cells in the X direction. \[Default: None\]

height

: Number of cells in the Y direction. \[Default: None\]

override_srs

: Write the raster with the provided SRS. \[Default: None\]

default_srs

: Write the raster with the provided SRS if none exists. \[Default: None\]

metadata:

: Add or set GDAL metadata to set on the raster, in the form
  `NAME=VALUE,NAME2=VALUE2,NAME3=VALUE3` \[Default: None\]

pdal_metadata:

: Write PDAL's pipeline and metadata as base64 to the GDAL PAM metadata \[Default: False\]

```{include} writer_opts.md
```

```{note}
You may use the 'bounds' option, or 'origin_x', 'origin_y', 'width'
and 'height', but not both.
```

```{note}
Unless the raster being written is empty, the spatial reference will automatically
come from the data and does not need to be set with 'override_srs' or 'default_srs'.
```

[driver that supports creation of rasters]: http://www.gdal.org/formats_list.html
[gdal]: http://gdal.org
[gdal driver]: http://www.gdal.org/formats_list.html
[shepard's inverse distance weighting]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_distance_weighting
